Conflict And Resolution Within A Work Group Essay

Effective communications is defined as the successful exchange of information between individuals. An effective communicator is successful in establishing an active two-way link with another individual or group. When people work in groups, there are two quite separate issues involved. The first is the task and the problems involved in getting the job done. The second is the process of the group work itself: the mechanisms by which the group acts as a unit. Without due attention to this process the value of the group can be diminished or even destroyed; yet with a little explicit management of the process, it can enhance the worth of the group to be many times the sum of the worth of its individuals. It is this synergy which makes group†¦show more content†¦Limited resources within a company could cause conflict between departments. Each department needs a certain amount of money to function properly. For example: the nursing budget is higher than the housekeeping budget because the hospital needs more nurses to take care of the patients. The administration departments budget is high because most of the administrators (COO, CEO, CFO) and directors have increased salaries. Therefore conflicts could arise when the nursing department needs more money for staffing and the administrators want a 5% increase in pay but there is only a certain amount of profit at the end of the quarter. Another conflict within an organization could be differences in personal and /or professional goals and objectives. If there is a committee having a meeting about a fund raising project and there are different ideas of how to raise the money, conflicts can arise. Or if there is a team working together on building an extra wing to the hospital and the Chief operating officer does not show up to meet the contractors, this will cause conflict between the building committee, the contractors and the finance department. If all of the members in the committee are not doing their part in the group, this will cause conflict. It could also effect theShow MoreRelatedConflict Resolution at the Workplace1597 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Workplace Conflict Resolution If you search the word conflict in the dictionary, you are likely to find plenty of negative connotations. Many explain conflict as: coming to collision or a disagreement; clash; contention; controversy; fighting or quarreling, states Random House (1975). As these definitions are negative in nature, most people tend to withdraw when they enter an arena with conflict. 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The North Louisiana Criminal Justice Academy - 1381 Words

Catherine Player Criminal Justice December 9, 2014 Dr. Montgomery-Scott National Organization for Victim Assistance North Louisiana Criminal Justice Academy The History of the Program The North Louisiana Criminal Justice Academy was established in 2006.According to Whittington (2006), â€Å"Since it first opened its doors in 2006, the North Louisiana Criminal Justice Academy has hosted seminars, workshops and regional training for all emergency services professionals throughout the nation. It is one of five regional north Louisiana P.O.S.T. -accredited Academies to offer Basic Law Enforcement Training and P.O.S.T. Refresher courses, for newly appointed and existing law enforcement personnel. The Academy jointly hosts classes with such respected agencies as the FBI, HIDTA, ROCIC, ROCTA and The Louisiana Office of Homeland Security, to name but a few. The North Louisiana Criminal Justice Academy proudly partners with the Bossier Parish Community College, to ensure graduating recruits have the opportunity to obtain college credit for the courses they have completed while attending the P.O.S.T. Basic Law Enforcement Academy.† This academy was established a nd created to ensure proper training with the sheriffs office and is alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay about Juvenile Life Without Parole, Cruel or Just Unusual?3438 Words   |  14 Pagesand incorporated into many international human rights documents. Currently as of May 2009, an estimated 2,500 juveniles (ranging in age from 13 to 17) in the United States are serving a sentence of life without parole. Iraq doesnt do it and North Korea considers it a cruel form of punishment. However, in the United States sentencing a juvenile to life in prison without the possibility of parole is legal. But besides the United States, 10 other countries have laws that could permit such sentencingRead MoreJudicial Issue : Police Misconduct3148 Words   |  13 PagesWill Addington SPC3513 Argumentation Paper Project # 1 Judicial Issue Police Misconduct America, being founded on doctrine such as The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, shows how we as a nation hold justice and freedom forefront in our belief system. Having a police force in our country to help the citizens of the United States of America uphold these values, that have been passed down over the generations, the values that our forefathers created for us, is one of the mainRead MoreAmerica s Drilling For Oil3209 Words   |  13 Pageswith environmental groups across the world that called for action to be taken against BP and its high ranking employees. The marine life wasn t the only ones to be affected from the oil spill, with more than 143 oil spill exposure cases treated in Louisiana Hospitals. 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Business Section Accounting Bank Employee

Question: Describe about the Business Section Accounting for Bank Employee. Answer: 1. The article selected is from Sydney Morning Herald dated 9 September 2016 under the Business Section titled Wells Fargo to pay $240m for unauthorized accounts. It is a well-known fact that the bank employees given targets for the number of new account opening and receive incentives on the achievement of such targets. The issue came to limelight when Carrie Tolstedt announced her sudden retirement in July 2016 whereas the scheduled retirement was at the end of the year. She is reportedly retiring with a severance agreement of $124.6 million and her unit has created 2 million unauthorized customer accounts. The CEO appreciated her leadership qualities and stated that she was a standard carrier of the culture of the bank (Corkery, 2016). The main issue highlighted in this case is the lender along with thousands of employees was involved in the opening of fake accounts and unauthorized transactions of moving funds were carried out which resulted in customers being charged for services that they had opted for nor had any idea about (Goldstein, 2016). The Customer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) slapped a fine of $US 100 million, the Office of Comptroller of Currency raised a fine of $the Los Angeles City Attorney and US 35 million settled for $US 50 million. This is possibly the largest penalty ever imposed by the CFPB as it received over 3000 complaints. Apart from this, the bank is also said to have agreed to compensate customers who were laid unauthorized fees and charges and Wells Fargo has set aside $US 5 million for the same. The employees had secretly opened accounts in the names of the existing customers in order to hit sales and achieve target account opening bonuses. As thousands of employees were involved in this fraud, Wells Fargo has laid off more than 5300 employees in the last five years (Goldstein, 2016). One of the driving factors behind this activity is found to be the high pressure targets given to the employee that leads to adoption of such means (Davidson, 2016). A former employee claimed that he was facing the threat of being fired for not meeting the everyday target and this was on a routine basis. This scandal proves to be revelation as such practices can be manage by other banks as well. The CFBC has thousands of complaints lodged against major big and small lenders and institutions. One such complaint lodged by a customer about Wells Fargo narrated that the customer was being persuade to re-open a savings account that was not previously opened by the customer. Such were the kind of deceptive practices used by the bank (Egan, 2013). At Wells Fargo, a majority portion of the fraud is said to have taken place in the retail banking and credit card divisions that are classified under Community Banking Division. As CFPB has not made a specific mention about Tolstedt in connection with this fraud, she is reportedly retiring with a lucrative bonus despite being in-charge of the Community Banking Division. According to CNN, it is not the hackers that scare the customers for their accounts rather bankers themselves. The fact of sacking 5300 employees clearly throws light on the institutionalized extraction that has been taking place at Wells Fargo from almost a decade. A former employee of Wells Fargo thus claims that they would open accounts in the names of their family and friends to leave for the day (Rushkoff, 2016). If growth is target by the bank, then is there real growth in this? It would be better though if the banks stop aiming for extreme aggressive growth. As technology has advanced, it has given easy access to the customers details for the creation of fake bank accounts. The mad drive for opening accounts is due to the incentives given to the employees and the incentives given to the banks under the pretext of financializing the economy without the slightest thought about the impact of the same on customers lives and the world (Hamilton, 2016). It is not just a fraud but a showcase of extreme capitalism where banks do not aim at value creation but just volume creation in the form of transactions and accounts. In a growing economy, banks can achieve real growth as businesses expand and require capital for the same. However, when economies are in crisis or depression, banks find such illegitimate ways to still exhibit growth, retain a higher share price, and ensure capital gains for its sh areholders (Miles, 2011). Thus, it is totally fabricated. To create this synthetic growth, banks look at extracting money from the same customer in different ways like issuing a new credit card with higher fees, issuing new loans with high origination costs, or just making the existing terms of the accounts and debts worse and costlier. At Wells Fargo since thousands of employees were involved, it can be said to have become a company culture and it will not come as a surprise if this becomes and industry culture (Hrushka, 2016). One of the possible ways to save from such instances is when banks realize their responsibilities towards public good and exist for the same rather than aiming blindly for mad synthetic growth. Making existing customers, pay more will drain the economy and lead to a downfall in the long run. Banks have to appreciate the fact that they do not get to grow at all times. 2. The Exposure Draft on Consolidation (Topic 810) with specific reference to Interest held through Related Parties that are under Common Control issued on June 23, 2016 is selected for this assignment. a) Introduction of the major issues in the new standard The Exposure Draft requires six questions to be answer by the respondents. The issues raised in these questions are as below: Where the Reporting entity is the single decision maker of the Variable Interest Entity, The Exposure Daft requires the reporting entity to include all direct interests in the VIE and on a proportionate basis, all the indirect variable interests to determine whether the reporting entity is the primary beneficiary of the VIE (Pwc, 2015). This approach would require consolidation of all those under common control with the single decision maker. Will this approach gain wide acceptance and agreement? Will the interests of the shareholders be addressed as in certain situations requiring consolidation of the entities under common control even if there is little or no direct interest n the VIE? Is the proposed transition approach considered appropriate or is there an alternative transition approach that would be more appropriate? Are transaction disclosures required to be follow by the reporting entity or any other disclosures are required? Are the proposed amendments immediately applicable upon the issuance of the final update? In cases where entities have not adopted amendments in Update 2015-02, should these amendments be adopt at the same time when the entities decide to adopt amendments in Update 2015-02? b) Consensus or disagreement between the commenting parties. The comments of four parties from different fields is selected and studied for research. The comments of parties namely Ernst Young, Ford Motor Company, ACLI and Certified Credit Research Analyst (CCRA) Global Community and AIWMI reviewed and discussed. On comparison of the response given by the parties, it is understood that there is a consensus among the parties with reference to all the points. There is no major disagreement with reference to the same. Only a few suggestions are given. Ernst Youngs response states that more clarity is required on determination of the primary beneficiary when the decision maker and the related parties are under common control and appear to have characteristics that are under common control. ASU has also included the fact that indirect interests held through parties under common control is consider equivalent to the direct interest in entirety. Ernst Young expresses concerns about how this is interpreted by the decision makers and service providers while implementation. SEC Staff had stated in one meeting that the decision maker or service provider should not include such interests while considering the significance of the interests. As the related parties under common control in the determination hold, it whether a fee is a variable interest, unless circumstances warrant a consolidation is cases where the structure is design to avoid the consolidation (Mansell, 2014). This view is contrary to the requirement as per the exposure dr aft. Hence, clarification is sought on the same to ensure that consistent practices are being followed during the implementation in such cases. The response from Ford comes with an illustrative example and encourages the presentation of more illustrations to clarify the practical applicability of the proposed amendments. Examples on how to apply these amendments for the identification of the primary beneficiary and the preparation of separate financial statements could promote a more consistent implementation across the preparer communities. Suggestions have been given about the effective date for the implementation of the proposed amendment for entities that have either already adopted amendment in Update 2015-02 or not. While Ford suggests the allowing of early adoption by entities if they wish to, ACLI suggests that one year time period is required to be given for the implementation. c) Assumptions behind public interest, private interest and capture theories With reference to public interest, the question rose on the benefits to the shareholders as a result of this proposed amendment and the disclosure requirements assumptions could be analyze. The transition disclosures are requiring to be made by the reporting entity and all the parties that have commented have seconded to the same. Also in their opinion, no additional disclosures are required. With reference to the addressing of stakeholder concerns, the response given by Ernst Young better explains the point with the help of an illustration. The illustration throws light on the satisfaction of the primary characteristics by two different wholly owned subsidiaries. Both the corporation is under the common control of a single parent. In certain cases, it is stated that in the control or existence of a relationship on a proportionate basis might not be evident in terms of figures or numbers but still the consolidation has to be done as the parent has the power to direct the activities of the VIE and has a significant impact on the VIEs economic performance. Another crucial point highlighted is that because of the consolidation, the reporting entity could either bear the losses of the VIE or enjoy the profits of the VIE. The comments by ACLI on this question are also narrative and explain the concept of measurement of proportionate share of interest during indirect control with a simple example. The assumptions behind these propositions could be to keep the shareholders better informed and knowledgeable about the direct and indirect interests of the reporting entity even where there appears to be little or no control (AICPA, 2016). The fact that currently there is no control does not dismiss the power of the reporting entity to exercise its control anytime in future. Hence, these levels of consolidations and disclosures are proposed. Private interest is said to be satisfied as the reporting entity can itself either strengthen or weaken its Balance Sheet depending upon the circumstances (Mallin, 2011). This again creates an issue where entities might try to play with the interpretations of the standards to use it for its own benefit (Moutchnik Edward, 2013). The company needed to interpret the standards in a fashion that helps to strengthen the financial statements (Monaharan, 2016). The decision to consolidate or not depends upon the satisfaction and measurement of a number of factors but this exposure draft warrants the consolidation of all entities under common control even if virtually control does not exist (Lucas, 2014). Hence, there is not much room to escape from the amendments and the reporting entity has to use it to the best of its ability while reporting and disclosures (FASB, 2016). Moreover, the amendments and disclosures are beneficial in the sense that it helps a better compliance activity and the company is able to provide the disclosures that are relevant (Leisyte, Westerheijden, 2014). Private interest is best explain by the comments given by Ford Motor Company as it explains the current stand taken with the help of examples and poses questions with reference to the grey areas (Deegan Unerman, 2011). Hence, a better presentation provided that helps in providing an evaluation of the current situation. References: AICPA. (2016). Exposure Draft of a Proposed Accounting Standard. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.aicpa.org/InterestAreas/PrivateCompaniesPracticeSection/QualityServicesDelivery/KeepingUp/TICCommentLetters/DownloadableDocuments/fasb-consolidation-of-interests.pdf Corkery, M. (2016). Wells Fargo Fined $185 Million for Fraudulently Opening Accounts. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/09/business/dealbook/wells-fargo-fined-for-years-of-harm-to-customers.html?_r=0 Davidson, A. (2016). How Regulations failed with Wells Fargo. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/the-record-fine-against-wells-fargo-points-to-the-failure-of-regulation Deegan, C., Unerman, J. (2011). Financial Accounting Theory. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Edward F, Moutchnik, A. (2013). Stakeholder management and CSR: questions and answers. Oxford Press Egan, M. (2013). $124 million payday for Wells Fargo exec who led fake accounts unit. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://money.cnn.com/2016/09/12/investing/wells-fargo-fake-accounts-exec-payday/ FASB. (2016). 2016-20 Interets held through related parties thtat are under common control, Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2016-260 FASB. (2016). Consolidation interest held through related parties that are under common control. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/FASBContent_C/ProjectUpdatePagecid=1176167820069 Goldstein, S. (2016). Thousands of complaints suggest account issues are not limited to Wells Fargo. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.marketwatch.com/story/thousands-of-complaints-suggest-account-issues-not-limited-to-wells-fargo-2016-09-12 Hamilton, J. (2016). Wells Fargo to pay $240m for unauthorised account. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.smh.com.au/business/banking-and-finance/wells-fargo-to-pay-240m-for-unauthorised-accounts-20160908-grcc6f.html Hrushka, J. (2016). Wells Fargo faces $185 million fine for massive fraud and theft scheme, 5,300 employees fired. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.extremetech.com/internet/235382-wells-fargo-faces-185-million-fine-for-massive-fraud-and-theft-scheme-5300-employees-fired Leisyte, I, Westerheijden, D.F. (2014). Stakeholders and Quality Assurance in Education. Oxford University Press. Lucas, K.H. (2014). What is a variable interest entity (VIE)?, Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-variable-interest-entity-VIE Mallin, C.A. (2011). Handbook on International Corporate Governance: Country Analyses, Edward Elgar Publishing. Mansell, S. (2013). Capitalism, Corporations and the Social Contract: A Critique of Stakeholder Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Miles, S. (2011). Stakeholder Definitions: Profusion and Confusion. EIASM 1st interdisciplinary conference on stakeholder, resources and value creation, IESE Business School, University of Navarra, Barcelona. Monaharan, M. (2016) FASB Exposure Draft, Consolidation (Topic 810): Interests Held through Related Parties That Are under Common Control. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.fasb.org/cs/BlobServer?blobkey=idblobnocache=trueblobwhere=1175833661915blobheader=ap2plication%2Fpdfblobheadername2=Content-Lengthblobheadername1=Content-Dispositionblobheadervalue2=551700blobheadervalue1=filename%3DCONICC.ED.0012.ACLI_MICHAEL_MONAHAN.pdfblobcol=urldatablobtable=MungoBlobs Pwc. (2015). Accounting for variable interest entities. Retrieved September 16, 2016 from https://www.pwc.com/us/en/cfodirect/assets/pdf/accounting-guides/pwc-guide-variable-interest-entities-second-edition-2015.pdf Rushkoff, D. (2016). Real reason Wells Fargo scandal should scare you. Retrieved September 17, 2016 from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/08/opinions/wells-fargo-fine-rushkoff/

The Scarlet Letter Themes Essay Essay Example

The Scarlet Letter Themes Essay Paper The Scarlet Letter is a novel that describes the psychological torment of two rule characters. Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimondale. They are both enduring under. while trying to come to footings with. their common wickedness of criminal conversation in a rigorous Puritan society. As critics instantly recognized upon publication of the novel in 1850. one of its chief subjects involved struggle between the person and society. Hawthorne represents the austere and baleful force of Puritan society in the first sentence of the first chapter. where he describes a â€Å"throng of bearded work forces. in sad-colored garments and grey. † who stand before the prison door â€Å"which was to a great extent timbered with oak. and studded with Fe spikes. † and behind which was Hester Public Guilt V. Private Guilt Possibly the foremost intent of The Scarlet Letter is to exemplify the difference between dishonoring person in public and leting him or her to endure the effects of an unfair act in private. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter Themes Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter Themes Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter Themes Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to the legal legislative acts at the clip and the prevalent sentiment of maintaining in conformity with a rigorous reading of the Bible. criminal conversation was a capital wickedness that required the executing of both fornicator and adulteress–or at the really least. terrible public bodily penalty. Indeed. even if the hubby wanted to maintain his married woman alive after she committed criminal conversation. the jurisprudence insisted that she would hold to decease for it. It is in this environment that Hester commits criminal conversation with Dimmesdale. but we come to see that the public shaming can non get down to account for all the complexnesss of the illicit relationship–or the context of it. What Hawthorne sets out to portray. so. is how the private ideas. the private anguish and guilt and emotional devastation of the people involved in the matter. are more than adequate penalty for the offense. We wonder whether the province or society has any right to enforce jurisprudence in private affairs between citizens. Does adultery truly hold no impact upon the lives of others? If non. it should non be seen as a offense against the small town. A more charitable reading of the Bible would come subsequently in contemplations on the New Testament reading of criminal conversation jurisprudence. viz. . that the public need non step in to penalize a offense when we ourselves have our ain wickednesss to be judged. Each individual suffers enough already for his or her ain wickednesss. Punishment vs. Forgiveness One of the more compelling subjects of the novel is embodied by Chillingworth. who seems the supreme authority of moral judgement in the narrative. since Dimmesdale–the curate and the supposed purveyor of righteousness–is himself tainted as a party to the offense. Chillingworth is surprisingly forgiving of Hester’s offense. We sense that he understands why she would abandon him. After all. he is deformed. he is older. he has non been nearby. while she is beautiful and passionate. Indeed. we get the feeling that Chillingworth’s self-loathing allows him to forgive Hester. but this property besides increases the inexorability and fury with which he goes after Dimmesdale. In Dimmesdale. he sees the energy and passion which Hester desires and which he himself does non possess. Like a bloodsucker. he’s out to suck Dimmesdale of his life force. non merely to penalize the curate for the offense of fornicating with his married woman. but besides to symbolically appropriate Dimmesdale’s virility. And as the novel continues. Chillingworth seems to turn stronger while Dimmesdale seems to weaken. That form continues until Dimmesdale dies in an act of rebelliousness. his public presentation of guilt. which basically leaves Chillingworth stripped bare of his power to penalize or forgive. The Scarlet Letter The vermilion missive is symbolic in a figure of different ways. but possibly most in the ways that the evildoers choose to have on it. Hawthorne’s productive image for the novel was that of a adult female charged with criminal conversation and forced to have on the missive A upon her apparels. but upon have oning it. decided to add fancy embellishment as if to allow the missive as a point of pride. Hawthorne read about this pick in an existent instance in 1844. recorded it in his diary. and therefore The Scarlet Letter was born as Hester Prynne’s narrative. Hester. a knitter by trade. sees the missive as a load laid on by society. an act of community-enforced guilt that she is forced to bear. even though it seems to do small difference for her private ideas. Dimmesdale. nevertheless. as the town curate. wears his ain vermilion A burned upon his flesh. since it is the community’s fury he fears the most. Therefore we see the difference between a adult female who has made peace with the offense. publically confesses. and endures the enduring the community imposes. and a adult male who imposes his ain penalty because he can non bear to uncover the offense to the community. Civilization vs. Wilderness Pearl embodies the subject of wilderness over against civilisation. After all. she is a sort of incarnation of the vermilion missive: natural state. passionate. and wholly unmindful to the regulations. mores. and legal legislative acts of the clip. Pearl is artlessness. in a manner. an individualistic passionate artlessness. So long as Dimmesdale is alive. Pearl seems to be a magnet that attracts Hester and Dimmesdale. about demanding their rapprochement or some kind of energetic rapprochement. But every bit shortly as Dimmesdale dies. Pearl seems to lose her energy and becomes a normal miss. able to get married and absorb into society. The deduction is therefore that Pearl genuinely was a kid of lecherousness or love. a merchandise of activity outside the boundaries imposed by rigorous Puritan society. Once the fire of love is extinguished. she can decently absorb. The Town vs. the Woods In the town. Hester normally is confronted with the legal and moral effects of her offense. Governor Bellingham comes to take her kid off. Chillingworth reminds her of her title. and she faces Dimmesdale in the context of evildoer ( his repute remains stainless despite his function in the matter ) . But whenever Hester leaves the town and enters the forests. a traditional symbol of unchecked passion without boundaries. she is free to rediscover herself. The forests besides traditionally emblematize darkness. In the darkness of dark. Hester is free to run into Dimmesdale. to squeal her scruples. and to populate apart from the torture and loads of the guilt enforced by the community. Dimmesdale excessively is free at dark to expose his guilt on the scaffold and reconcile with Hester. Memories vs. the Present Hester Prynne’s discourtesy against society occurred seven old ages earlier. but she remains punished for it. Hester learned to forgive herself for her criminal conversation. but society continues to contemn her for it. One might retrieve Jean Valjean’s lasting individuality as condemnable after a individual minor offense in Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables. ) Indeed. Hester reaches peace with her matter and in that peace comes to see the town as insufficiently forgiving in its ideas and attitudes. Pearl is adequate of a reminder of the wild picks in her yesteryear. and as Pearl grows up. Hester continues to popul ate in the present instead than in the yesteryear. Reverend Dimmesdale. interim. is haunted in the present by wickednesss past and seems to reflect ( along with Chillingworth ) the town’s inclination to penalize long after the discourtesy. In stamp downing his ain confession. Dimmesdale remains focused on coming to footings with a iniquitous past alternatively of looking forthrightly at the jobs of the present. Many of the major subjects of The Scarlet Letter are introduced in the gap scene. Some of these subjects were sin. nature’s kindness to the condemned and the drab life style of puritan society. The first chapter has small action but it sets up these major subjects. The tone of the whole narrative was set in this chapter. The opening scene of The Scarlet Letter. many major subjects were introduced. Sin Sin is a portion of mundane life. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel. The Scarlet Letter. revolves around the subject of wickedness and the effects it has on the head. organic structure. and soul A wickedness was committed by three of the chief characters in the novel and throughout the fresh Hawthorne attempts to indicate out that wickedness. no affair how fiddling or how significant. is still sin. There have been arguments on precisely who is the biggest evildoer. but in Hawthorne’s instance. I think he believes that the wickednesss were equal and throughout the novel he develops each of them. seeking to acquire the reader to understand is concluding. Adultery. which was the wickedness environing two of the chief characters. Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. was the wickedness in which the novel was based on. Hester committed criminal conversation with Dimmesdale. a Puritan curate. and had a kid ( Pearl ) as life cogent evidence of her wickedness. She confessed her wickedness and was looked down upon by the citizens populating in the town. â€Å"She would go the general symbol at which the sermonizer and moralist might indicate. and in which they might animate and incarnate their images of woman’s infirmity and iniquitous passion. Basically. she was an illustration of what cipher should go The wickedness of criminal conversation was confessed by one of the two. but Arthur Dimmesdale decided to maintain it a secret. which in clip torus him apart. Bing a curate. he was afraid of the effects that would ensue from his confession. so for seven long old ages he and Hester kept it a secret. and were neer seen together in public Roger Chillingworth. Hester’s hubby. and the other evildoer in this novel. sought retaliation on whoever the male parent to Pearl was. He oon suspected Dimmesdale. and would non rest until got retaliation on him. Chillingworth pretended to be a physician and was to take attention of Dimmesdale. but at the same clip he was easy poisoning him and penalizing him physically and mentally. As you can see wickedness was apparent in all three of these characters’ lives. Hawthorne non merely dealt with merely the wickedness. but how sin can impact a individual if non professed To travel even deeper into the first subject. Hawthorne. throughout the novel. explains how unconfessed wickedness can eat off at the scruples and destruct the psyche. Hester. who had confessed her wickedness of criminal conversation. wore the vermilion A as a symbol of her faithless wickedness and through most of the novel lived as a societal castaway in the Puritan society. She was looked at as an illustration of what non to be. Pearl. Hester’s lively. unmanageable girl is the populating consequence of Hester’s wickedness. and for the most portion the two lived together in shame and guilt. In the terminal. as a consequence of Hester’s confession. the wickedness does non destruct her. but alternatively makes her stronger and braver and she flourishes in malice of the symbol on her thorax. Dimmesdale. who committed criminal conversation with Hester. delaies until the wickedness wholly destroys him before he confesses. Throughout the narrative. while Hester was being put through the shame of her wickedness. Dimmesdale hides his wickedness. neglecting to call himself the other fornicator or claim Pearl as his girl. His alleviation shortly comes in the tragic stoping. as Dimmesdale confesses his criminal conversation and stands openly with Hester and Pearl. As he eventually admits his wickedness. his guilty scruples is lifted and he frees himself from Chillingworth’s appreciation. which allows him to eventually decease. free of guilt. Sin was. without a uncertainty. a major portion of these three characters’ lives. and Hawthorne does a great occupation of uncovering that to his readers. He points out the immorality in each character. and explained how wickedness haunted Arthur Dimmesdale until he volitionally confessed it. Through his thorough account of each of the three characters and their functions in the novel. he decidedly proves that wickedness is every bit awful no affair how unlogical it may look. Nature’s kindness The prison was really black and worn down and old. It was really unforgiving for the captives. The lone mark of hope was a rosebush that grew near the prison. But on one side of the orifice land rooted about on the threshhold. was a wild rosebush. covered. in this month of June. with its delicate Jaish-i-Mohammeds. which might be imagined to offer their aroma and delicate beauty to the captive as he went in. and to the condemned felon as he came away to his day of reckoning. † Nature was the lone thing sort to the condemned. This subject was really of import later in the book when Dimmesdale. Hester and Pearl met in the wood. A major them in The Scarlet Letter was nature’s kindness to the condomned Revenge Revenge is a dish best served cold. ( And with a side of french friess. But isn’t everything best served with a side of french friess? ) Roger Chillingworth seems to hold. as you can no uncertainty state by the highly frigid sham name that he chooses. He spends seven old ages psychologically tormenting Hester’s lover Dimmesdale. maintaining him alive merely so he can squash out just†¦ a†¦ little†¦ . more retribution. Unfortunately. retaliation in The Scarlet Letter is besides served with an unexpected side: the loss of humanity. It turns out that God is the lone 1 who gets to make the revenging around these parts. and he’s got a small surprise for our anti-hero Justice and Judgment Some Torahs can straddle the religious/secular divide reasonably comfy. Stealing? We’re reasonably certain God wouldn’t want you to make that. Murder? Decidedly non. But what about driving without your licence? Or making some minor imbibing ( which Shmoop firmly disapproves of ) ? Does God care about those Torahs? If you lived in Puritan America as represented by The Scarlet Letter. the reply would be yes: there’s no difference between God’s jurisprudence and man’s jurisprudence. Breaking colonial jurisprudence is the same as interrupting God’s jurisprudence. On the one manus. great: at least there’s lucidity. right? On the other manus. the conflation of God’s jurisprudence with man’s jurisprudence creates an intolerant. autocratic society with no room for human errors. Not excessively cool The Forest and the Wilderness To the townsfolk. the wood is the unknown. It’s outside of the town. it’s full of American Indians and chilling animals and worst of all. and it’s utterly lawless. The town is ruled by jurisprudence and faith ; the forest a topographic point of passion and emotion. We see this when the storyteller compares Hester’s castaway province to a wood: â€Å"She had wandered. without regulation or counsel. in a moral wilderness ; as vast. as intricate and shady. as the wild forest† . In other words. Hester is cast out of the regulations and order of the town. forced to populate in a metaphorical wood: a wilderness of shadowy right and incorrect. Obviously. Hester’s small bungalow is â€Å"on the outskirts of the town†¦ out of the domain of that societal activity which already marked the wonts of the emigrants† . Into the Forests But while the Puritans seem to be sort of terrified of the wood. the storyteller isn’t. In fact. the storyteller associates Nature with kindness and love from the really beginning of this narrative. when the wild rosebush reminds all that â€Å"the deep bosom of Nature could feel for and be sort to him† . It’s non that the forests are all sugariness and visible radiation. They can be unsafe. excessively. Here. the wood seems to stand for possible: that portion of human nature that can’t be squashed and beaten into entry. It’s a topographic point where the psyche can be free. with all its wild passions and brainsick thoughts and secret sorrows ; it’s a topographic point for Hester and Dimmesdale to run into in purdah. and love. and anguish where they â€Å"deeply† can cognize each other If life on the town is all surface and visual aspect and regulations. so life in the wood is all deepness and emotion. And you can’t unrecorded like that—you can’t unrecorded in the forests. But you sure can see every one time in a piece

Project Management Essays

Project Management Essays Project Management Essay Project Management Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: The document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. The project scope document usually contains the following sections: 1. Customer requirements define the functional or performance specifications for the project’s end product and other project deliverables. 2. Statement of Work (SOW) defines the major tasks or work elements that will need to be performed to accomplish the work that needs to be done and produce all the project deliverables. . Deliverables are the products or outputs that the project team or contractor will produce and provide to the customer during and at the completion of the performance of the project. Although major or key deliverables may be stated in the project charter or request for proposal, they need to be expanded on in greater detail in the project scope document. 4. Acceptance criteria for all project deliverables must be described in greater detail than what is stated in t he project charter or request for proposal. For each deliverable, the quantitative measures or references to specifications, standards, or codes that will be used should be stated, as the criteria will be the basis for the customer agreeing that a deliverable is acceptable. 5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The major work elements defined in the statement of work section along with the detailed list of deliverables provide the basis for creating a work breakdown structure, which is a hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. The project scope document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. It is important to document the detailed requirements in the project scope document in order to establish a clear understanding with the sponsor or customer. Work Breakdown Structure End of Class Evaluation Task AssignedDiscussion Questions LettersassignmentsQuizzesExams Team WorkTeam leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2- CharterEvaluation Contribution Value addedGrammar Run outs valueTiming Expectation solutionsTiming Expectation solutionsTiming Expectation solution S C O P eCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequencyCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Enhancement structureCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correct ion Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame CostTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Task assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Time frameWeek 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8 The Project Charter; The Project Charter Example is used by the sponsor of a project to announce a new project and to demonstrate that management is in support of this project. The Project Charter Example provides the outline for a new project and gives management a sense of direction for the project from beginning to end. This example is downloadable and customizable for your specific usage. Project scope; Project scope is the part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list of specific project goals, deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. The documentation of a projects scope, which is called a scope statement, terms of reference or statement of work, explains the boundaries of the project, establishes responsibilities for each team member and sets up procedures for how completed work will be verified and approved. During the project, this documentation helps the project team remain focused and on task. The scope statement also provides the project team with guidelines for making decisions about change requests during the project. Project Charter: Acknowledges the existence of a project Scope Statement: Defines where the major objectives and what the project deliverables Differences between these two documents: Project Charter: Official document created and approved by key stakeholders, after project idea has been identified Developed by the corporate executive or sponsor Defines the responsibilities and boundaries of the project manager and the project Scope Statement: After the project charter is approved, the project manager can proceed with launching team building activities and defining the scope of the project Document that formalizes references the scope of everything that the project must produce that is used for future decision making Developed by the project manager with his/her project team members Acts as a response to the Sponsor/Project Charter Project planning; 1. dev elop plans with relevant people to achieve the projects goals; 2. break work down into tasks and determine handover procedures; 3. dentify links and dependencies, and schedule to achieve deliverables; 4. estimate and cost the human and physical resources required, and make plans to obtain the necessary resources; 5. allocate roles with clear lines of responsibility and accountability; 6. allocate tasks that are realistic and equitable and accommodate other workloads; 7. Establish appropriate and agreed meeting schedules, as well as reporting, control and communication methods. Project scope; The Project Scope pertains to the work necessary to deliver a product. Requirements and deliverables define the project scope, and it is critical that the stakeholder is in agreement with the information discussed in the proposed plan. Construction of a WBS; Identifying the main deliverables of a project is the starting point for deriving a work breakdown structure. This important step is usually done by the project managers and the subject matter experts (SMEs) involved in the project. Once this step is completed, the subject matter experts start breaking down the high-level tasks into smaller chunks of work. In the process of breaking down the tasks, one can break them down into different levels of detail. One can detail a high level task into ten sub tasks while another can detail the same high level task into 20 sub tasks. Therefore, there is no hard and fast rule on how you should breakdown a task in WBS. Rather, the level breakdown is a matter of the project type and the management style followed for the project. In general, there are a few rules used for determining the smallest task chunk. In two weeks rule, nothing is broken down smaller than two weeks work of work. This means, the smallest task of the WBS is at least two week long. 8/80 is another rule used when creating a WBS. This rule implies that no task should be smaller than 8 hours of work and should not be larger than 80 hours of work. One can use many forms to display their WBS. Some use tree structure to illustrate the WBS, while others use lists and tables. Outlining is one of the easiest ways of representing a WBS. The right mix of planning, monitoring, and controlling can make the difference in completing a project on time, on budget, and with high quality results. These guidelines will help you plan the work and work the plan. Given the high rate of project failures, you might think that companies would be happy to just have their project finish with some degree of success. That’s not the case. Despite the odds, organizations expect projects to be completed faster, cheaper, and better. The only way that these objectives can be met is through the use of effective project management processes and techniques. This list outlines the major phases of managing a project and discusses key steps for each one. Note: This article is also available as a PDF download. PLANNING 1: Plan the work by utilizing a project definition document Project overview Objectives Scope Assumptions and risks Approach Organization: Show the significant roles on the project. Signature page: Ask the sponsor and key stakeholders to approve this document, signifying that they agree on what is planned. Initial effort, cost, and duration estimates: These should start as best-guess estimates and then be revised, if necessary, when the work plan is completed. 2: Create a planning horizon After the project definition has been prepared, the work plan can be created. The work plan provides the step-by-step instructions for constructing project deliverables and managing the project. 3: Define project management procedures up front 4: Manage the work plan and monitor the schedule and budget Once the project has been planned sufficiently, execution of the work can begin. Review the work plan on a regular basis to determine how you are progressing in terms of schedule and budget. Identify activities that have been completed during the previous time period and update the work plan to show they are finished. Determine whether there are any other activities that should be completed but have not been. Monitor the budget. 5: Look for warning signs Look for signs that the project may be in trouble. These could include the following: A small variance in schedule or budget starts to get bigger, especially early in the project. There is a tendency to think you can make it up, but this is a warning. If the tendencies are not corrected quickly, the impact will be unrecoverable. You discover that activities you think have already been completed are still being worked on. For example, users whom you think have been migrated to a new platform are still not. You need to rely on unscheduled overtime to hit the deadlines, especially early in the project. Team morale starts to decline. Deliverable quality or service quality starts to deteriorate. For instance, users start to complain that their converted e-mail folders are not working correctly. Quality-control steps, testing activities, and project management time starts to be cut back from the original schedule. A big project, such as an Exchange migration, can affect everyone in your organization. Don’t cut back on the activities that ensure the work is done correctly. 6: Ensure that the sponsor approves scope-change requests 7: Guard against scope creep 8: Identify risks up front 9: Continue to assess potential risks throughout the project 10: Resolve issues as quickly as possible Create Work Breakdown Structure Once the project scope document has been prepared and agreed on, the next step in the planning phase is to create a detailed work breakdown structure (WBS), which is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. Having a comprehensive project scope document is important because it is the foundation for creating the work breakdown structure. The project scope document defined what needs to be done in terms of the statement of work and deliverables, and the WBS establishes the framework for how the work will get done to produce the project deliverables. Creating a WBS is a structured approach for organizing all the project work and deliverables into logical groupings and subdividing them into more manageable components to help ensure that all the work and deliverables to complete the project are identified and included in the baseline project plan. It is a hierarchical tree of deliverables or end items that will be accomplished or produced by the project team or contractor during the project. The work breakdown structure subdivides the project into smaller pieces called work items. The lowest-level work item of any one branch is called a work package. The work package includes all of the specific work activities that need to be performed to produce the deliverable associated with that work package. The WBS should be decomposed to a level that identifies individual work packages for each specific deliverable listed in the project scope document. Often the WBS includes a separate work package labeled â€Å"project management† that is for all the work associated with managing the project such as preparing progress reports; conducting review meetings; planning, monitoring, and tracking schedules and budgets, and so on. The accomplishment or production of all of these lowest-level work packages in the work breakdown structure constitutes completion of the project work scope.

All About the Great Lakes of North America

All About the Great Lakes of North America Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes, straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km). Several other minor lakes and rivers are also included in the Great Lakes region including the Niagra River, Detroit River, St. Lawrence River, St. Marys River, and the Georgian Bay. There are 35,000 islands estimated to be located on the Great Lakes, created by millenia of glacial activity. Interestingly, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the Straits of Mackinac, and can be technically considered a single lake. The Formation of the Great Lakes The Great Lakes Basin (the Great Lakes and the surrounding area) began to form about two billion years ago – almost two-thirds the age of the earth. During this period, major volcanic activity and geologic stresses formed the mountain systems of North America, and after significant erosion, several depressions in the ground were carved. Some two billion years later the surrounding seas continuously flooded the area, further eroding the landscape and leaving a lot of water behind as they went away. More recently, about two million years ago, it was glaciers that advanced over and back across the land. The glaciers were upwards of 6,500 feet thick and further depressed the Great Lakes Basin. When the glaciers finally retreated and melted approximately 15,000 years ago, massive quantities of water were left behind. It is these glacier waters that form the Great Lakes today. Many glacial features are still visible on the Great Lakes Basin today in the form of glacial drift, groups of sand, silt, clay and other unorganized debris deposited by a glacier. Moraines, till plains, drumlins, and eskers are some of the most common features that remain. The Industrial Great Lakes The shorelines of the Great Lakes stretch a little over 10,000 miles (16,000 km), touching eight states in the U.S. and Ontario in Canada, and make an excellent site for the transportation of goods. It was the primary route used by early explorers of North America  and was a major reason for the great industrial growth of the Midwest throughout the 19th and 20th century. Today, 200 million tons a year are transported using this waterway. Major cargoes include iron ore (and other mine products), iron and steel, agriculture, and manufactured goods. The Great Lakes Basin also is home to 25%, and 7% of Canadian and U.S. agricultural production, respectively. Cargo ships are aided by the system of canals and locks built on and between the lakes and rivers of the Great Lakes Basin. The two major sets of locks and canals are: 1) The Great Lakes Seaway, consisting of the Welland Canal and the Soo Locks, allowing ships to pass by the Niagra Falls and the rapids of the St. Marys River. 2) The St. Lawrence Seaway, extending from Montreal to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Altogether this transportation network makes it possible for ships to travel a total distance of 2,340 miles (2765 km), all the way from Duluth, Minnesota to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In order to avoid collisions when traveling on the rivers connecting the Great Lakes, ships travel upbound (west) and downbound (east) in shipping lanes. There are around 65 ports located on Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. 15 are international and include: Burns Harbor at Portage, Detroit, Duluth-Superior, Hamilton, Lorain, Milwaukee, Montreal, Ogdensburg, Oswego, Quebec, Sept-Iles, Thunder Bay, Toledo, Toronto, Valleyfield, and Port Windsor. Great Lakes Recreation About 70 million people visit these the Great Lakes every year to enjoy their water and beaches. Sandstone cliffs, high dunes, extensive trails, campgrounds, and diverse wildlife are just some of the many attractions of the Great Lakes. It is estimated that $15 billion is spent every year on leisure activities every year. Sport fishing is a very common activity, partly because of the Great Lakes size, and also because the lakes are stocked year after year. Some of the fish include bass, bluegill, crappie, perch, pike, trout, and walleye. Some non-native species such as salmon and hybrid breeds have been introduced but have generally not succeeded. Chartered fishing tours are a major part of the Great Lakes tourism industry. Spas and clinics are popular tourist attractions also, and couple well with some of the serene waters of the Great Lakes. Pleasure-boating is another common activity and is more successful than ever as more and more canals are built to connect the lakes and surrounding rivers. Great Lakes Pollution and Invasive Species Unfortunately, there have been concerns about the quality of water of the Great Lakes. Industrial waste and sewage were the primary culprits, specifically phosphorus, fertilizer, and toxic chemicals. In order to control this issue, the governments of Canada and the United States joined to sign the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. Such measures have drastically improved the quality of water, though pollution still finds its way into the waters, primarily through agricultural runoff. Another major concern in the Great Lakes is non-native invasive species. An unanticipated introduction of such species can drastically alter evolved food chains and destroy local ecosystems. The end result of this is a loss of  biodiversity. Well known invasive species include the zebra mussel, Pacific salmon, carp, lamprey, and alewife.

Reaction Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reaction Papers - Essay Example The reader evaluate if his society impacts positively or negatively on the general health of the existing population. In addition the article draws the attention of its reader to existing social factors that may influence the health of both the individual’s and the whole population. Moreover, this article draws concerns on whether it is individual socialization or the whole society’s integration that actually affects the health. Though the article is founded on strong foundations of the role of social networks in influence on health, it should be noted that individuals deal with stress related issues differently. These social supports are important but personal dealing of the situation is much more important. To conclude, this article has very strong arguments that should be considered in the future in order to deal with general health in any given society. It advocates for special emphasis in natural social interventions rather than depending on social support groups. Secondly, the article calls for various social environment interventions, like; increased social support within the existing social networks and, cutting on negative interactions (Cohen 676-682). This article, by Michael Lowe, is a critique to the existing weight loss programs in developed counties. Michael observes that these programs are founded on the equipotential intervention bases. As such they are short lived and therefore those engaged in such programs regain the weight lost in due course. The article consequently advances the need to utilize self-regulation methods as the appropriate means of achieving a stable degree of weight controls by individuals and the society as a whole. This article has a good base for its argument since it is only through behavioral checks that individuals can maintain a stable weight (Lowe 45s-59s). The study is developed from observations on the trends of obesity over the past decades. Further, this study considers various

Lab report (exercise physiology unit) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(exercise physiology unit) - Lab Report Example determine Heart Rate training zones, recovery and much more.   Lactate is a metabolic product that can be measured by taking a drop of blood at a finger tip the same way diabetics monitor their blood sugar level.   The blood lactate level increases with exercise intensity and shows clearly the transition from aerobic to anaerobic activity.   Since the measurement is completely individual it gives a precise method for testing and monitoring training intensity and recovery.   (FaCT Canada Consulting Ltd, n.d.) Two body fat tests were performed on a 22-year old male named Dave. Firstly, skinfold measurement was done. In this case two methods were employed namely, Jackson and Pollack Method (1978) and Durnin and Wormersely Method (1974). Secondly, Dave underwent a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). The table below shows the data gathered from the two body composition tests. Using the formula to calculate the percent body fat for Jackson and Pollack Method and using the table provided for Durnin and Wormersely Method the percent body fats are 5.6 and ~12.9 respectively. The percent body fat calculated showed a discrepancy thus using skinfold method measurements is not a valid predictor of percent body fat; however they can be used as a monitoring device to indicate changes in body composition over time. Dave’s Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) provided a percent body fat of 16%. According to the table above Dave fall under the description of ‘Fitness’ thus we can say that his percent body fat is appropriate and acceptable for his age. The table above shows a part of the blood lactate test results of Dave. We can observe the significant increase of heat rate as the time of exercise progressed. Blood lactate concentration, and changes in it, result from the balance between adding lactic acid to the blood, and the clearance of lactate from the blood by muscle and the heart for metabolic purposes. At rest and low exercise intensities, lactic acid’s

Change Management Essay Example for Free

Change Management Essay INTRODUCTION Many flaws can be found with the classical approach, the birth of which is widely accredited to Fredrick Taylor, in particular how employees became bitter and angry with the levels of managerial thuggery (Rose 1988) that Taylor promoted. There already existed high levels of worker-management conflict, and Taylors approach merely heightened the tensions that it had set out to tackle. Taylors view, and later, Henri Fayols view of how an organisation could be managed solely focused on the productivity of the worker and how efficiently work could be carried out. It did not take into account the morale of employees or any of their emotional needs, resulting in a workforce which became increasingly dissatisfied with their working environment. Mayo and Maslow developed an approach which was more emphasized on the management of worker morale and leadership rather than merely viewing employees as greedy robots (Rose 1988). This theory, which would evolve into what is known as the Human Relations approach to management, was focused on the thought that a happy and satisfied employee was a more productive employee. CLASSICAL APPROACH. The classical approach to organisational management (1900-1930) emerged from the Industrial Revolution and was born out of a necessity to replace the trial and error approach, which was prevalent prior to this, with a more  focused and consistent approach to how an organisation should be managed. This new approach was focused on the efficiency of an organisation and in improving the performance and output of its employees. The classical approach can be divided into three main areas, scientific management, bureaucracy and administrative management. . (_Managing Change. Bernard Burnes)_ Fredrick Taylor (1856-1917) viewed the management of organisations production efficiency as a science and he is accredited with being the father of scientific management. Taylors view was that there was one best way to perform a task and his approach focused on breaking down each task so that it could be performed in the most efficient way. His research was heavily influenced by the studies of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth(1914). While Taylor was determined to reduce the time it took to complete a task, the Gilbreths tried to reduce the number of motions taken to complete a task. Taylors opinion was that _human beings are predisposed to seek the maximum reward for the minimum effort_ _(Taylor 1911)_ and to counteract this, managers must closely supervise workers to ensure that each predefined step in a task is carried out correctly. By breaking down each work process into smaller tasks controlled by the management, the knowledge required by workers about the work process is reduced. Workers become mere cogs in the machine that is the organisation, and can easily be replaced, as minimum training of a replacement worker is required. This in turn increases the managements control as the workers no longer have a monopoly of knowledge about the work process and cannot use their knowledge as a bargaining tool. Taylor, like the Gilbreths, believed that in order to increase a workers productivity, he should be motivated by monetary rewards for the amount of work he carries out. _When a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable Why should I work hard when that lazy fellow gets the same pay that I do and does only half as much work? (Taylor 1911)_ While Taylor and the Gilbreths were focused on improving the productivity of  individual workers at task level, Henri Fayol (1841-1925) with the administrative approach, was focused on efficiency at organisational level, top down as opposed to bottom up(Fayol, 1949). Fayols principles of organisation are; division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command ,unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to general interests, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps.(Mullins,1989:201-3). Max Weber (1864-1924) developed the theory of bureaucratic management which, similarly to Fayols approach, was focused on the overall structure of an organisation. According to Weber a bureaucracy must have a number of distinct characteristics. It must have a hierarchical chain of command, where each employer is answerable to a superior, therefore power flows from the top down. Division of labour, where each task is broken down into smaller tasks, with different employees working on each separate part of the task. Each employee is selected on merit and qualification only with no bias shown to favourites. Formalised and detailed rules and regulations must be set out. HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH The beginnings of the Human Relations approach can be traced back to studies on worker fatigue which were carried out while the scientific approach was still being established, and it is fair to say that both approaches overlap. Elton Mayo (1880-1949) expanded on these studies in the 1930s, most notably with his Hawthorn experiments. (_Managing Change. Bernard Burnes)_ Mayo did not believe that workers were only concerned by monetary rewards, but instead suggested that by having their social needs met at work they would in turn be more motivated and their performance would improve. In his experiments he divided workers into groups and studied how their productivity responded to changes in the environment such as lighting and working conditions. To his surprise the worsening working conditions did not lead to worker productivity declining, in fact productivity increased. This  led him to conclude that workers motivation was increased by better communication, as the workers were consulted with prior to, and throughout the experiments. It was also concluded that workers performed better when they were in a team, and when they were receiving greater attention from their managers. (_http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm_ ) Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) developed a management theory which is referred to as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, as shown below. (image. http://chebri.com/commitment-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-and-herzberg-theory-of-hygiene-motivation-in-business/) Maslow believed that in order for a person to concentrate on the higher needs, first his lower, more basic needs must to be satisfied. He argued that once a persons lowest level physiological and safety needs are met; the higher level needs become more important to them. For example in a management situation the physiological needs of an employee are things like adequate lunch breaks and sufficient wages. The safety needs are met when a safe working environment is provided. Social needs are satisfied when there is a sense of community in the working environment. The esteem needs of employees are the needs for recognition from superiors for work carried out and achievements. Self Actualisation is the need of an employee to reach their full potential, this need changes, as different levels of potential are met the employee then needs to attain a higher level. .(_http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/_ _)_ Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) stated that there are basically two types of manager, one who had a negative view of his employees and the other who had a more positive view. In his concept he called the negative view Theory X, and the positive one Theory Y. Theory X assumes that employees do not like work, and a threat of punishment is required to ensure that they perform to required standards. It is also of the assumption that workers do not have  any ambition and will avoid responsibility; they are primarily interested in security. Theory X could be used to describe the Classical approaches to management. Theory Y managers on the other hand take the human relations approach and assume that work is natural to people and can be a source of satisfaction to them. Theory Y managers believe that workers will seek responsibility and are motivated to meet goals. McGregor believed that managers who adapted the Theory X approach created an environment where workers were only motivated by financial or material gain, whereas Theory Y managers created a workplace where employees were more responsible and more willing to contribute. McGregor came to the conclusion that organisations needed to adapt the approach set out in Theory Y, which is essentially the human relations approach_._ _(Burnes. Managing Change)_ MODERN ORGANISATIONS For the purpose of this essay extensive research was carried out on the approaches that modern industries take regarding management. Information gathered from an interview with an employee of ESB Ireland, an electricity supplier which is one of the largest employers in Ireland, gave a unique insight into how this particular organisation continues to put into effect many facets of the human relations approach. Eoghan, who is employed as an electrical engineer, provided documentation and described how at the beginning of each year all employees have a one to one meeting with their manager to discuss and agree upon goals which they then attempt to achieve throughout the year. The employee is provided with guidance from their manager regarding the work processes on a continuous basis. The diagram shown below, which is taken from the ESBs performance and development document, illustrates how formal and informal communication between manager and employee is seen as essential and is maintained throughout the year. _(Performance and Development Document ESB 2014)_ Coaching is also provided on a one to one basis with employees when it is  required. _Coaching is a proven means, carried out in a confidential manner, by which more individual potential can be unlocked to achieve higher levels of career and business performance_ _(ESB Performance and Development Document 2014)_ Through researching a case study carried out on building materials group CRH, similar approaches to performance management were identified. The CRH approach to performance management is broken down into three areas which are almost identical to those taken at ESB, these are; planning, coaching and reviewing. As is the case at ESB the work processes are carefully structured and discussed with the employee in the planning stage. Coaching is also carried out for each employees specific needs which in turn increases knowledge and improves communication. In the review stage each employee is assessed individually and given the opportunity to respond to feedback. _Self-assessment, collection of information, appraisal and a review meeting all drive performance improvement_ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_10/crh_10th_ed.pdf)_ CRH are of the view that it is essential that employees are capable of working on their own initiative or as part of a team, as they state in their candidate requirements that candidates must have; _Ability to work on own initiative and as part of a team_ _Ability to analyse situations and develop innovative solutions_ _Problem solving ability_ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf)_ CONCLUSION Its understood that the most important asset of any organisation is its employees, and trying to retain the services of these employees. The classical approach to management does not take this into account and instead is solely concerned with increasing productivity and extracting the maximum labour from its workers. It can be argued that the classical approach increases productivity and raises the output of each employee; however, in the long run it does not lead to a satisfied and contented workforce. This approach is dated when it comes to the fast paced business environment that exists today. In most modern workplaces it is essential that workers are capable of working on their own initiative and making important decisions themselves, the classical approach to management does nothing to promote or nurture these skills, and in fact it discourages them. The classical school of thought is that there is one best way for all organisations to be structured and operate _(Burnes. 2004)_, however, as established through this research, the approach that ESB takes disproves this theory, as each employee is treated as an individual and encouraged to provide opinion on how the work process should be structured and best performed. The meetings and one to one contact with managers gives the employee a clear understanding of what is expected of him and improves communication between the employee and management, which is one of the core aspects of the Human Relations Approach. These initial meetings as well as the guidance which is provided throughout year to the employee by ESB management is clearly influenced by Mayos conclusions following the Hawthorn experiments that employee morale and performance increased with better communication and prior consultation to the work process. _(Burnes. 2004)._ The coaching sessions which are provided at ESB help to improve skills and self-confidence in employees as well as providing management with the assurance that their workers are competent and performing to a high  standard. This type of approach to coaching and continuous improvement and learning is in direct contrast to the ideals of the Classical Approach, and particularly to Fredrick Taylors. Taylor believed in reducing employees knowledge about the work process rather than encouraging learning and understanding. By reducing the workers knowledge he believed that management had a greater control over their employees (_Burnes. Managing Change)._ The view taken by ESB is completely different, as they believe that the more skilled and confident that an employee becomes, the greater an asset to the organisation he will be. By providing training and coaching to employees ESB are investing in human capital, which means the more skilled an employee becomes the greater his economic value is to ESB_._ _(http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/humancapital.asp)_ There is a quote from CRH that appears in the case study which was researched which proves that their organisation embodies almost every aspect of the Human Relations approach; _The challenge for CRH is to be a Group that attracts and retains people_ _not just because it is an industry leader but also because it provides a_ _culture and working environment which creates opportunities for all_ _employees to grow personally and professionally._ _(http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf)_ Tesco.http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/developing-appropriate-leadership-styles/leadership-styles.html#axzz3JGcBkQ5Y REFERENCES http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol14-issue6/A01460105.pdf?id=7380 http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/frederick-taylor-theories-principles-contributions-to-management.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1911taylor.asp http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm http://chebri.com/commitment-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-and-herzberg-theory-of-hygiene-motivation-in-business/ http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/ _http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_4/crh_4th_ed.pdf_

The Role of Women in Religion :: Religion Religious Females Gender Essays

The Role of Women in Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The role of women in religious scripture dictates an inferior position in society. Beginning with the creation of Adam and then Eve, as his helpmate. Her purpose was that Adam would not be lonely. This origin provides the ground work for inequality of genders on the basis of religious scripture. The roles prescribed determined that women should be in a subordinate position to man. The female role and relationship with God is defined by the various books of the Old and New Testaments, the reported actions of Jesus Christ, and finally the Qur'an.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Initially, Old Testament describes women as the corrupter of man. However, through interpreting the action of Jesus Christ, we see that he holds women in equal roles as men, to include mention of female apostles. The New Testament does not promote equality but does mention the acts of Jesus. Finally, the Qur'an places women in a subservient role allowing men to keep their under control, by any means. Interpretations of the Gods word under the disguise of organized religion are the product of the gender discrimination of the time and continue to paint women as lesser creatures in the eyes of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The books of the Old Testament, and variations, are recognized by the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim faiths. Each paint women as the temptress responsible for the mistakes of men. Women were the cause of the first punishment given to mankind. Eve persuaded Adam to eat the forbidden fruit, from the tree of knowledge. For this act, inspired by woman, mankind was forever punished and expelled from paradise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many examples of woman’s negative influence in the Old Testament. In Genesis 19:30-36, Lot's two daughters made their father drunk with wine on two successive nights. Each daughter committed incest with her father, and became pregnant.8 This is illogical, if Lot was so drunk he probably could not have performed physically and it occurred over two separate nights. He could have been unwitting the first night but not the second. Again in Judges 16, Delilah seduced Sampson in order to find out the secret of his great strength. This ultimately led to Samson's death.8 1 Kings 11 describes how Solomon's many foreign wives and concubines convinced him to worship other gods and build Pagan temples. This led to his downfall.8 The moral to these stories seem to be that women are responsible for the mistakes and men are easily corruptible by women.

Differences in memory management between Windows and Linux Essay

Differences in memory management between Windows ® and Linux ® Windows and Linux are two of the most commonly used operating systems to date. Windows is used more by beginners and everyday computer users, while Linux is used more by advanced users and is dubbed the hackers operating system. Both the operating systems have their advantages and their disadvantages. This paper will be differentiate the two in the operating systems memory management aspect. Windows manages their virtual memory in a tree data structure. Each node in the tree is called a virtual address descriptors (VAD). Virtual memory descriptors mark each node on the tree as free, reserved, or committed virtual memory. A process beings with all addresses free which means they can be committed to memory or be reserved for future use. Before any free address can be used it has to first be allocated as reserved or committed. Linux uses a linked list data structure which is stored in the vm_area_struct structure and def ined in . The link list data begins search whenever a page is found and records the range of address, protection mode, and the direction in which it grows. If the number of entries becomes greater than 32, Linux will convert the linked list into a tree data structure depending on the current situation. Both Windows and Linux’s memory management systems distribute the process virtual address space in a similar manner. By using paging, Windows on 32bit systems will have access up to a 4GB of standalone logical address space and physical memory. The upper part of the address space is allocated with 2GB of memory for windows kernel-mode, while the lower part is also allocated with 2GB of memory for user-mode. While Linux can also access 4GB of physical memory the difference is the upper part is allocated with 1GB of memory for kernel-mode, while the lower part is allocated with 1GB for user-mode. An important part in any memory management system is the page replacement system. Page replacement decides which memory pages to page out when a page of memory needs to be allocated. Windows uses cluster demand paging, which pages are brought in the memory when they are needed. It will also bring one through eight pages in memory simultaneously instead of bringing them one by one. Windows  paging system uses a working set concept, which is determined by amount of memory assigned in the current process. It contains pages that are in the main memory which the size of the working set will be altered accordingly. The page replacement algorithm used for Windows is, â€Å"First in, First Out algorithm (F.I.F.O)†. Linux on the other hand uses demand paging so any pages no needed will not be swapped into the memory. Therefore, pages not being used will be avoided and not be read. It will also lessen the amount of physical memory and the time used to swap the pages. Linux also uses valid and non-valid bits to identify between pages that are in memory and disk. The page replacement algorithm used for Linux is, â€Å"Least Recently Used algorithm (L.R.U)†. While both Windows and Linux have their advantages and disadvantages in the operating system. They both have complex memory management systems which fulfills the users need when choosing an OS. With time we can only imagine the complexity of the future memory management systems in both Windows and Linux. References Felixbytow. (2012, July 08). FAQ/LinkedLists. Retrieved from KernelNewbies: http://kernelnewbies.org/FAQ/LinkedLists Kath, R. (1993, January 20). Managing Virtual Memory. Retrieved from Microsoft: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms810627.aspx Rparrett. (2012, 08 22). About Memory Management. Retrieved from Windows: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en- us/library/windows/desktop/aa366525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Rusling, D. A. (1996-1999). Memory Management. Retrieved from TLDP: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/mm/memory.html

Bon-a-Matic

Also, the firms that buy adhesive are often small firms and there appears to be no correlation with firm size and the amount of adhesive to buy, so devising a marketing plan with production numbers and targeting specific customers will be difficult. Although the systems division had designed both Bond-A-Matins, they doubted they had the capacity to quickly manufacture large quantities. Further, the systems division was worried that it would be overwhelmed with calls for help for the new dispenser.If the company launched Bond-A-Mantic and could not then adequately service or provide the product, the company's brand would be tarnished. 72% of purchasers from distributors and manufacturers said that technical service was important in their choice of instant adhesive supplier. Also, the current sales force may not be as interested In learning about and selling the Bond-A-Mantic as It does not traditionally sell equipment. But the bottom line is that a sales call for the sole purpose of s elling the Bond-A-Mantic Is not cost effective so only existing customers can be targeted through the sales force.Further, they may not have the time during the call to push the Bond-A-Metal or more importantly, it may get substituted. Should the product fall, the similarity of the name between Suborned and Bond-A-Metal may ruin the existing brand recognition. Also, Fox's advertising target Is an Industry group that currently uses less than 273501b of adhesive with total growth potential about 15. 2-18% In user establishments. And only 3% of users purchased directly from manufacturers and 2% of users purchased from distributors. So distributors would have to be convinced to stock Bond-A-Metal.Given the small size of the target market and revenue potential, the risks of launching the Bond-A-Metal far outweigh the potential benefits. Bon-a-Mantic By sandalwood Also, the current sales force may not be as interested in learning about and selling the Bond-A-Mantic as it does not traditio nally sell equipment. But the bottom line is that a sales call for the sole purpose of selling the Bond-A-Mantic is not cost hey may not have the time during the call to push the Bond-A-Mantic or more importantly, it may get substituted.Should the product fail, the similarity of the name between Suborned and Bond-A-Mantic may ruin the existing brand Also, Fox's advertising target is an industry group that currently uses less than 27,Bibb of adhesive with total growth potential about 15. 2-18% in user convinced to stock Bond-A-Mantic. Given the small size of the target market and revenue potential, the risks of launching the Bond-A-Mantic far outweigh the potential

Michael Faraday, Inventor of the Electric Motor

Michael Faraday, Inventor of the Electric Motor Michael Faraday (born Sept. 22, 1791) was a British physicist and chemist who is best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws of electrolysis. His biggest breakthrough in electricity was his invention of the electric motor. Early Life Born in 1791 to a poor family in the Newington, Surrey village of South  London, Faraday had a difficult childhood riddled with poverty. Faradays mother stayed at home to take care of Michael and his three siblings, and his father was a blacksmith who was often too ill to work steadily, which meant that the children frequently went without food. Despite this, Faraday grew up a curious child, questioning everything and always feeling an urgent need to know more. He learned to read at Sunday school for the Christian sect the family belonged to called the Sandemanians, which greatly influenced the way he approached and interpreted nature. At the age of 13, he became an errand boy for a bookbinding shop in London, where he would read every book that he bound and decided that one day he would write his own. At this bookbinding shop, Faraday became interested in the concept of energy, specifically force, through an article he read in the third edition of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Because of his early reading and experiments with the idea of force, he was able to make important discoveries in electricity later in life and eventually became a chemist and physicist. However, it wasnt until Faraday attended chemical lectures by Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London that he was able to finally pursue his studies in chemistry and science. After attending the lectures, Faraday bound the notes he had taken and sent them to Davy to apply for an apprenticeship under him, and a few months later, he began as Davys lab assistant. Apprenticeships and Early Studies in Electricity Davy was one of the leading chemists of the day when Faraday joined him in 1812, having discovered sodium and potassium and studying the decomposition of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid that yielded the discovery of chlorine. Following the atomic theory of Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich, Davy and Faraday began to interpret the molecular structure of such chemicals, which would greatly influence Faradays ideas about electricity. When Faradays second apprenticeship under Davy ended in late 1820, Faraday knew  about as much chemistry as anyone else at the time, and he used this newfound knowledge to continue experiments in the fields of electricity and chemistry. In 1821, he married Sarah Barnard and took up permanent residence at the Royal Institution, where he would conduct research on electricity and magnetism. Faraday built two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation, a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire. Unlike his contemporaries at the time, Faraday interpreted electricity as more of a vibration than the flow of water through pipes and began to experiment based off of this concept. One of his first experiments after discovering electromagnetic rotation was attempting to pass a ray of polarized light through an electrochemically decomposing solution to detect the intermolecular strains the current would produce. However, throughout the 1820s, repeated experiments yielded no results. It would be another 10 years before Faraday made a huge breakthrough in chemistry. Discovering Electromagnetic Induction In the next decade, Faraday  began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. These experiments would form the basis of the modern electromagnetic technology thats still used today. In 1831, using his induction ring- the first electronic transformer- Faraday made one of his greatest discoveries: electromagnetic induction, the induction or generation of electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in another wire. In the second series of experiments in September 1831 he discovered magneto-electric induction: the production of a steady electric current. To do this, Faraday attached two wires through a sliding contact to a copper disc. By rotating the disc between the poles of a horseshoe magnet, he obtained a continuous direct current, creating the first generator. From his experiments came devices that led to the modern electric motor, generator, and transformer. Continued Experiments, Death, and Legacy Faraday continued his  electrical  experiments throughout much of his later life. In 1832, he proved that the electricity induced from a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity were all the same. He also did significant work in electrochemistry, stating the First and Second Laws of Electrolysis, which laid the foundation for that field and another modern industry. Faraday passed away in his home in Hampton Court on August 25, 1867, at the age of 75. He was buried  at Highgate Cemetery in North London.  A memorial plaque was set up in his honor at Westminster Abbey Church, near Isaac Newtons burial spot.   Faradays influence extended to a great many leading scientists. Albert Einstein was known to have had a portrait of Faraday on his wall in his study, where it hung  alongside pictures of legendary physicists Sir Isaac Newton  and  James Clerk Maxwell. Among those who praised his achievements were Earnest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics. Of Faraday he once stated, When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time.